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A Simple Approach of Groundwater Quality Analysis, Classification, and Mapping in Peshawar, Pakistan

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Date
2019
Author(s)
Adnan, Syed
Iqbal, Javed
Maltamo, Matti
Bacha, Muhammad Suleman
Shahab, Asfandyar
Valbuena, Ruben
Unique identifier
10.3390/environments6120123
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Citation
Adnan, Syed. Iqbal, Javed. Maltamo, Matti. Bacha, Muhammad Suleman. Shahab, Asfandyar. Valbuena, Ruben. (2019). A Simple Approach of Groundwater Quality Analysis, Classification, and Mapping in Peshawar, Pakistan.  Environments, 6 (12) , 123. 10.3390/environments6120123.
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CC BY http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract

Groundwater is an important source of water for drinking, agriculture, and other household purposes, but high population growth, industrialization, and lack of oversight on environmental policies and implementation have not only degraded the quality but also stressed the quantity of this precious source of water. Many options existed, but this study evaluated, classified, and mapped the quality of groundwater used for potable consumption with a simple approach in an urban area (Peshawar valley) of Pakistan. More than 100 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physio-chemical parameters in a laboratory. Hierarchal clustering analysis (HCA) and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis were sequentially applied to produce potential clusters/groups (groundwater quality classes), extract the threshold values of the clusters, classify and map the groundwater quality data into meaningful classes, and identify the most critical parameters in the classification. The HCA produced six distinct potential clusters. We found a high correlation of electrical conductivity with total hardness ( R2= 0.72 ), alkalinity ( R2= 0.59 ) and chloride (R2= 0.64) , and, total hardness with chloride ( R2 = 0.62), and alkalinity ( R2 = 0.51). The CART analysis conclusively identified the threshold values of the six classes and showed that total hardness was the most critical parameter in the classification. The majority of the groundwater was either with worse quality or good quality, and only a few areas had the worst groundwater quality. This study presents a simple tool for the classification of groundwater quality based on several aesthetic constituents and can assist decision makers develop and support policies and/or regulations to manage groundwater resources.

Subjects
groundwater quality   clustering analysis   spatial distribution   groundwater classification   physio-chemical properties   
URI
https://erepo.uef.fi/handle/123456789/7863
Link to the original item
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6120123
Publisher
MDPI AG
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  • Luonnontieteiden ja metsätieteiden tiedekunta [1109]
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