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Cross-country skiing and running's association with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: A review of the evidence

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Date
2020
Author(s)
Laukkanen, JA
Kunutsor, SK
Ozemek, C
Mäkikallio, T
Lee, DC
Wisloff, U
Lavie, CJ
Unique identifier
10.1016/j.pcad.2019.09.001
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Self-archived article

Citation
Laukkanen, JA. Kunutsor, SK. Ozemek, C. Mäkikallio, T. Lee, DC. Wisloff, U. Lavie, CJ. (2020). Cross-country skiing and running's association with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: A review of the evidence.  Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 2019; 62 (6) , 505-514. 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.09.001.
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© 2019 Elsevier Inc.
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CC BY-NC-ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Abstract

A large body of evidence demonstrates positive, graded effects of PA on cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality with increasing intensity compared with lower PA intensity. Running is often designated as a high-intensity PA with substantial evidence supporting its health benefits. Cross-country skiing is among the most demanding aerobic endurance exercises and requires engaging the upper- and lower-body. Cross-country skiing is often regarded as high-intensity PA, which has been associated with significant health benefits. However, a robust body of evidence identifying the dose-response relation between cross-country skiing volume and health outcomes is sparse. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the available evidence linking cross-country skiing with CVD morbidity and all-cause mortality; postulated pathways that may elucidate the relation between these associations; outline areas of ongoing uncertainty; and the implications for primary and secondary CVD prevention. To put the findings into perspective, we also summarized the evidence linking running with CVD morbidity and all-cause mortality. Though a head-to-head comparison is not available, the evidence indicates that performing PA as cross-country skiing associates with lower mortality risk when compared with that observed in those undertaking their PA as running. Potential adverse effects of extreme high weekly doses of cross-country skiing over decades may be cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation. Evidence suggests that cross-country skiing may reduce the risk of CVD events and all-cause mortality via anti-inflammatory pathways, improvements in endothelial function and reduced levels of CVD risk factors, such as lipids, glucose, and blood pressure; and enhancement of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Subjects
physical activity   high-intensity physical activity   exercise   skiing   running   cardiovascular disease   
URI
https://erepo.uef.fi/handle/123456789/8187
Link to the original item
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2019.09.001
Publisher
Elsevier BV
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  • Terveystieteiden tiedekunta [1324]
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